Protective effect of Actinidia arguta in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Oxidative stress-induced neuronal death has been identified as one of the major causes of nigrostriatal degeneration in PD. The fruit of Actinidia arguta (A. arguta), known as sarunashi in Japan, has been reported to show beneficial health effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and anticholinergic effects. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of A. arguta in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropypridine (MPTP)-induced PD model mice. A. arguta juice was administered to 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice continuously for 10 days before the first MPTP injection. The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra was induced by MPTP (30 mg/kg, i. p.) once daily for five consecutive days. We found that the administration of A. arguta ameliorated MPTP-induced motor impairment and suppressed the MPTP-induced reductions of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression in the substantia nigra. Our findings suggest that taking A. arguta could provide neuroprotection that delays or prevents the neurodegenerative process of PD.

Phenotypic analysis of human CYP2C9 polymorphisms using fluorine-substituted tolbutamide.

To investigate the effect of fluorine substitution on tolbutamide (TB) hydroxylation catalyzed by CYP2C9, the hydroxylation of TB and its fluorinated derivative 3'-fluoro-tolbutamide (3'-F-TB) by recombinant human CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2, and CYP2C9*3 was analyzed. In general, fluorine substitution near the metabolic site may decrease enzymatic oxidation owing to its electron-withdrawing nature. Fluorine substitution reduced the Michaelis-Menten-derived Km of 4'-hydroxylation of TB catalyzed by CYP2C9*1 from 115 (TB) to 77 (3'-F-TB) µM. In the case of TB hydroxylation catalyzed by CYP2C9*2, the Km value of TB was also reduced by fluorine substitution from 129 to 88 µM. The greatest effect of fluorine substitution on the Km in TB hydroxylation was observed in the catalysis by CYP2C9*3, in which the Km value decreased from 287 to 117 µM. When a mixture containing TB and 3'-F-TB was hydroxylated by CYP2C9, the hydroxylated metabolite ratio in CYP2C9*3 was significantly increased compared with that in CYP2C9*1 and CYP2C9*2 (p < 0.01, Tukey-Kramer test). These results suggest that obtaining the metabolite profiles of fluorine-substituted analogs of the key substrate molecule may be useful as a new tool for phenotyping polymorphic CYP isoforms.

Hepatocarcinogen 4-methylquinoline induced G:C to C:G transversions in the cII gene in the liver of lambda/lacZ transgenic mice (Muta™Mouse).

We have previously reported that quinoline increased the mutation frequency of the cII gene in the liver of lambda/lacZ transgenic mice (Muta™Mouse), and G:C to C:G transversions were the molecular signature of quinoline-induced mutations. 4-Methylquinoline (4-MeQ) has the highest mutagenicity among quinoline and isomeric methylquinolines according to the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA 100, in the presence of rat liver microsomal enzymes. In this report, we examined the effect of 4-MeQ on mutagenesis in the lambda cII gene in the liver of the Muta™Mouse, and we analyzed the sequences of the mutated genes. The mutation frequency of the liver cII gene was seven times higher in 4-MeQ-treated mice than in control mice. Sequence analysis revealed that 4-MeQ primarily induced G:C to C:G transversions (37 of 45). The specificities of 4-MeQ for target organ and mutation pattern were very consistent with those of quinoline. Thus, we showed that 4-MeQ was also genotoxic in the liver of the Muta™Mouse, and as with quinoline, the G:C to C:G transversion was the molecular signature of the 4-MeQ-induced mutations.

Comparative analysis of microRNA profiles of rice anthers between cool-sensitive and cool-tolerant cultivars under cool-temperature stress.

Plants subjected to abiotic stress can regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by means of small RNAs such as microRNAs. Cool-temperature stress causes abnormal tapetum hypertrophy in rice anthers, leading to pollen sterility. As a first step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of cool tolerance in developing anthers of rice, we report here a comprehensive comparative analysis of microRNAs between cool-sensitive Sasanishiki and cool-tolerant Hitomebore cultivars. High-throughput Illumina sequencing revealed 241 known and 46 novel microRNAs. Interestingly, 15 of these microRNAs accumulated differentially in the two cultivars at the uninucleate microspore stage under cool conditions. Inverse correlations between expression patterns of microRNAs and their target genes were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis, and cleavage sites of some of the target genes were determined by 5' RNA ligase-mediated RACE experiments. Thus, our data are useful resources to elucidate microRNA-mediated mechanism(s) of cool tolerance in rice anthers at the booting stage.

Detection of QTLs for cold tolerance of rice cultivar 'Kuchum' and effect of QTL pyramiding.

KEY MESSAGE: A QTL for cold tolerance at the booting stage of rice cultivar 'Kuchum' was detected and delimited into a 1.36 Mb region, and a cold-tolerant line was developed by QTL pyramiding. Low temperature in summer causes pollen sterility in rice, resulting in a serious loss of yield. The second most widely grown rice cultivar in Japan, 'Hitomebore', has been developed as a cultivar highly tolerant to low temperature at the booting stage. However, even 'Hitomebore' exhibits sterility at a temperature lower than 18.5 °C. Further improvement of cold tolerance of rice is required. In the present study, QTLs for cold tolerance in a Bhutanese rice variety, 'Kuchum', were analyzed using backcrossed progenies and a major QTL, named qCT-4, was detected on chromosome 4. Evaluating cold tolerance of seven types of near isogenic lines having 'Kuchum' alleles around qCT-4 with a 'Hitomebore' genetic background, qCT-4 was delimited to a region of ca. 1.36 Mb between DNA markers 9_1 and 10_13. Homozygous 'Kuchum' alleles at qCT-4 showed an effect of increasing seed fertility by ca. 10 % under cold-water treatment. Near isogenic lines of 'Hitomebore' having 'Silewah' alleles of Ctb1 and Ctb2 and a 'Hokkai PL9' allele of qCTB8 did not exhibit higher cold tolerance than that of 'Hitomebore'. On the other hand, a qLTB3 allele derived from a Chinese cultivar 'Lijiangxintuanheigu' increased cold tolerance of 'Hitomebore', and pyramiding of the qCT-4 allele and the qLTB3 allele further increased seed fertility under cold-water treatment. Since NILs of 'Hitomebore' with the 'Kuchum' allele of qCT-4 were highly similar to 'Hitomebore' in other agronomic traits, the qCT-4 allele is considered to be useful for developing a cold-tolerant cultivar.

Reduction of gibberellin by low temperature disrupts pollen development in rice.

Microsporogenesis in rice (Oryza sativa) plants is susceptible to moderate low temperature (LT; approximately 19°C) that disrupts pollen development and causes severe reductions in grain yields. Although considerable research has been invested in the study of cool-temperature injury, a full understanding of the molecular mechanism has not been achieved. Here, we show that endogenous levels of the bioactive gibberellins (GAs) GA4 and GA7, and expression levels of the GA biosynthesis genes GA20ox3 and GA3ox1, decrease in the developing anthers by exposure to LT. By contrast, the levels of precursor GA12 were higher in response to LT. In addition, the expression of the dehydration-responsive element-binding protein DREB2B and SLENDER RICE1 (SLR1)/DELLA was up-regulated in response to LT. Mutants involved in GA biosynthetic and response pathways were hypersensitive to LT stress, including the semidwarf mutants sd1 and d35, the gain-of-function mutant slr1-d, and gibberellin insensitive dwarf1. The reduction in the number of sporogenous cells and the abnormal enlargement of tapetal cells occurred most severely in the GA-insensitive mutant. Application of exogenous GA significantly reversed the male sterility caused by LT, and simultaneous application of exogenous GA with sucrose substantially improved the extent of normal pollen development. Modern rice varieties carrying the sd1 mutation are widely cultivated, and the sd1 mutation is considered one of the greatest achievements of the Green Revolution. The protective strategy achieved by our work may help sustain steady yields of rice under global climate change.

Radiation dose-rate effect on mutation induction in spleen and liver of gpt delta mice.

The effect of dose rate on radiation-induced mutations in two somatic tissues, the spleen and liver, was examined in transgenic gpt delta mice. These mice can be used for the detection of deletion-type mutations, and these are the major type of mutation induced by radiation. The dose rates examined were 920 mGy/min, 1 mGy/min and 12.5 microGy/min. In both tissues, the number of mutations increased with increasing dose at each of the three dose rates examined. The mutation induction rate was dependent on the dose rate. The mutation induction rate was higher in the spleen than in the liver at the medium dose rate but was similar in the two tissues at the high and low dose rates. The mutation induction rate in the liver did not show much change between the medium and low dose rates. Analysis of the molecular nature of the mutations indicated that 2- to 1,000-bp deletion mutations were specifically induced by radiation in both tissues after high- and low-dose-rate irradiation. The occurrence of deletion mutation without any sequence homology at the break point was elevated in spleen after high-dose-rate irradiation. The results indicate that the mutagenic effects of radiation in somatic tissues are dependent on dose rate and that there is some variability between tissues.

Nitrogen-substitution effects on the mutagenicity and cytochrome P450 isoform-selectivity of chrysene analogs.

Nitrogen-containing analogs of chrysene, 1,10-diazachrysene (1,10-DAC) and 4,10-DAC, were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 in the presence of rat liver S9 and human liver microsomes to investigate the effect of nitrogen-substitution. Although these DACs could not be converted to the bay-region diol epoxide because of their nitrogen atoms in the bay-region epoxide or diol moiety, DACs were mutagenic in the Ames test with rat liver S9. Both DACs also showed mutagenicity in the Ames test using pooled human liver microsomes, although chrysene itself was not mutagenic in the presence of pooled human liver microsomes. The mutagenicity of DACs (50nmol/plate) in Ames tests using human liver microsome preparations from 10 individuals was compared with cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity in each microsome preparation to investigate the CYP isoform involved in the activation of DACs to the genotoxic forms. The numbers of induced revertants obtained by 1,10-DAC varied 6.2-folds (109-680) and those by 4,10-DAC 4.8-folds (155-751) among the 10 individuals. The number of induced revertants obtained by 1,10-DAC significantly correlated with the CYP1A2-selective catalytic activity (r=0.84, P<0.01) in each microsome preparation. On the other hand, the number of induced revertants obtained by 4,10-DAC significantly correlated with the combined activity of CYP2A6 and 1A2 (CYP2A6+0.51xCYP1A2; r=0.75, P<0.01). However, in Ames tests using microsomes from insect cells expressing various human CYP isoforms, the mutagenicity of 1,10-DAC was induced only by recombinant human CYP1A2, whereas both recombinant human CYP2A6 and 1A2 contributed to the mutagenicity of 4,10-DAC. These results suggest that 1,10-DAC shows the mutagenicity through involvement of CYP1A2 in human liver, and 4,10-DAC does so through both CYP2A6 and 1A2. In conclusion, our results suggested that the difference in the nitrogen-substituted position in the chrysene molecule might affect the mutagenic activity through influencing the ratio of participation of the metabolic activation enzyme isoforms of CYP.

Nitrogen-substitution effect on in vivo mutagenicity of chrysene.

We have previously reported the in vivo mutagenicity of aza-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (azaPAHs), such as quinoline, benzo[f]quinoline, benzo[h]quinoline, 1,7-phenanthroline and 10-azabenzo[a]pyrene. The 1,10-diazachrysene (1,10-DAC) and 4,10-DAC, nitrogen-substituted analogs of chrysene, were shown to exhibit mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 in the presence of rat liver S9 and human liver microsomes in our previous report, although DACs could not be converted to a bay-region diol epoxide, the ultimate active form of chrysene, because of their nitrogen atoms. In the present study, we tested in vivo mutagenicity of DACs compared with chrysene using the lacZ transgenic mouse (Mutatrade markMouse) to evaluate the effect of the nitrogen substitution. DACs- and chrysene-induced mutation in all of the six organs examined (liver, spleen, lung, kidney, bone marrow and colon). The mutant frequencies obtained with chrysene showed only small differences between the organs examined and ranged from 1.5 to 3 times the spontaneous frequency. The 4,10-DAC was more mutagenic than chrysene in all the organs tested. The highest lacZ mutation frequency was observed in the lung of 4,10-DAC-treated mice and it was 19 and 6 times the spontaneous frequency and the frequency induced by chrysene, respectively. The 1,10-DAC induced lacZ mutation in the lung with a frequency 4.3- and 1.5-fold higher than in the control and chrysene-treated mice, respectively, although the mutant frequencies in the other organs of 1,10-DAC-treated mice were almost equivalent to those of chrysene-treated mice. Not only chrysene but also DACs depressed the G:C to A:T transition and increased the G:C to T:A transversion in the liver and lung. These results suggest that the two types of nitrogen substitutions in the chrysene structure may enhance mutagenicity in the mouse lung, although they showed no difference in the target-organ specificity and the mutation spectrum.

Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 2E1 by halogenated anilines, phenols, and thiophenols.

A total of 44 variously halogenated derivatives of aniline, phenol, and thiophenol were subjected to analysis of their inhibitory effect on human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 to investigate the structure-activity relationships in halogenated phenyl derivatives. The activity of human CYP2E1 of the microsomes from baculovirus-transfected insect cells expressing recombinant human CYP2E1 was determined by measuring quinoline 3-hydroxylation, which was detectable by fluorescence monitoring (Ex=355 nm and Em=460 nm). Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), a specific inhibitor of CYP2E1, potently inhibited quinoline 3-hydroxylation (IC50=8.9 microM). The effects of halogen-substitution in 32 aniline derivatives on the CYP2E1 inhibition can be summarized as follows: more enhancement by chlorine- and bromine-substitution than by fluorine-substitution, more enhancement by para- and metha-halogen-substitution than by ortho-halogen-substitution, and more enhancement by dihalogen-substitution than by mono- and trihalogen-substitution except for trifluorine-substitution. The greatest enhancement of the inhibitory activity was observed in 3,4-dichloroaniline (IC50=8.0 microM) and 3,5-dichloroaniline (IC50=9.2 microM), and their inhibitory activities were very close to that of DDTC. All of the dichlorophenols and dichlorothiophenols were compared with dichloroanilines for CYP2E1 inhibition. Although dichlorothiophenols showed similar or more potent inhibitory activities than dichloroanilines, dichlorophenols showed less inhibitory activities. 3,4-Dichlorothiophenol and 3,5-dichlorothiophenol showed very potent inhibition and their IC50 values were 5.3 and 5.2 microM, respectively. These results suggest that 3,4- and 3,5-dichlorophenyl derivatives may be useful as potent CYP2E1 inhibitors.

Evaluation of time-space distributions of submarine ground water discharge.

Submarine ground water discharge (SGD) rates were measured continuously by automated seepage meters to evaluate the process of ground water discharge to the ocean in the coastal zone of Suruga Bay, Japan. The ratio of terrestrial fresh SGD to total SGD was estimated to be at most 9% by continuous measurements of electrical conductivity of SGD. Semidiurnal changes of SGD due to tidal effects and an inverse relation between SGD and barometric pressure were observed. Power spectrum density analyses of SGD, sea level, and ground water level show that SGD near shore correlated to ground water level changes and SGD offshore correlated to sea level changes. SGD rates near the mouth of the Abe River are smaller than those elsewhere, possibly showing the effect of the river on SGD. The ratio of terrestrial ground water discharge to the total discharge to the ocean was estimated to be 14.7% using a water balance method.

In vivo mutagenicity of benzo[f]quinoline, benzo[h]quinoline, and 1,7-phenanthroline using the lacZ transgenic mice.

Phenanthrene, a simplest angular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with a bay-region in its molecule, is reported to be non-mutagenic, although most angular (non-linear) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene, are known to show genotoxicity after metabolic transformation into a bay-region diol epoxide. On the other hand, benzo[f]quinoline (BfQ), benzo[h]quinoline (BhQ), and 1,7-phenanthroline (1,7-Phe), which are all aza-analogs of phenanthrene, are mutagenic in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 in the presence of a rat liver S9 fraction. In this report, we undertook to investigate the in vivo mutagenicity of BfQ, BhQ and 1,7-Phe by an in vivo mutation assay system using the lacZ transgenic mouse (Muta Mouse). BfQ and BhQ only slightly induced mutation in the liver and lung, respectively. BfQ- and BhQ-induced cII mutant spectra showed no characteristics compared with that of the control. These results suggest that the in vivo mutagenicities of BfQ and BhQ were equivocal. On the other hand, 1,7-Phe induced a potent mutation in the liver and a weak mutation in the lung. Furthermore 1,7-Phe depressed the G:C to A:T transition and increased the G:C to C:G transversion in the liver like quinoline, a hepatomutagen possessing the partial structure of 1,7-Phe, compared with the spontaneous mutation spectrum. These results suggest that the in vivo mutagenicity of 1,7-Phe might be caused by the same mechanism as that of quinoline, which induced the same mutational spectrum change (G:C to C:G transversion).

Metabolic activation of 10-aza-substituted benzo[a]pyrene by cytochrome P450 1A2 in human liver microsomes.

We previously reported that 10-azabenzo[a]pyrene (10-azaBaP), a 10-aza-analog of BaP and an environmental carcinogen, showed greater mutagenicity than BaP in the Ames test using pooled human liver S9. To investigate the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform involved in the activation of 10-azaBaP to the genotoxic form, the mutagenicity of 10-azaBaP using nine individual donors' and pooled human liver microsome preparations was compared with each CYP activity. Induced revertants by 2.5 nmol per plate 10-azaBaP with 0.5 mg per plate human liver microsomal protein showed a large inter-individual variation (42-fold) among the nine donors. The number of induced revertants highly correlated with the CYP1A2-selective catalytic activity from each microsome preparation, and no correlation was observed with other CYP isoform-selective catalytic activities. Moreover, recombinant human CYP1A2 contributed to the mutagenicity of 10-azaBaP more markedly than recombinant human CYP1A1. These results suggest that CYP1A2 may be the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolic activation of 10-azaBaP in human liver microsomes. With regard to the proposal that BaP may be activated by human CYP1A1, our results suggest that the nitrogen-substitution at position-10 of BaP may cause the CYP enzyme-specificity in metabolic activation to change from CYP1A1 to CYP1A2.

Activation of the human Ah receptor by aza-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their halogenated derivatives.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor through which dioxins and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause altered gene expression and toxicity. Ten aza-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (aza-PAHs), consisting of nitrogen substituted naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, chrysenes, and benzo[a]pyrenes (BaPs), were subjected to analysis of their structure-activity relationships as an AhR ligand by using a yeast AhR signaling assay, in which AhR ligand activity was evaluated as lacZ units. Most of the aza-PAHs showed similar or more potent AhR ligand activities than the corresponding parent PAHs. About a 100-fold increased in ligand activity was observed in 10-azaBaP compared with BaP. Halogen-substitution effects on AhR ligand activity in aza-polycyclic aromatics were also investigated with quinoline, benzo[f]quinoline (BfQ), benzo[h]quinoline (BhQ) and 1,7-phenanthroline (1,7-Phe). Position-specific induction of AhR ligand activity was observed in aza-tricyclic aromatic compounds, BfQ, BhQ, and 1,7-Phe, and the ratio of the ligand activities (lacZ units/microM) of monochlorinated and monobrominated aza-tricyclic aromatic compounds to those of the corresponding parent non-halogenated compounds ranged from 2.2- to 254-fold. Greatest enhancement of ligand activity was observed in 2-brominated BfQ (2-Br-BfQ), and its ligand activity was higher than that of BaP. These results suggest that even monohalogenation markedly enhances AhR ligand activity in aza-PAHs.

Effect of 10-aza-substitution on benzo[a]pyrene mutagenicity in vivo and in vitro.

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), an environmental carcinogen, shows genotoxicity after metabolic transformation into the bay-region diol epoxide, BaP-7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide. 10-Azabenzo[a]pyrene (10-azaBaP), in which a ring nitrogen is located in the bay-region, is also a carcinogen and shows mutagenicity in the Ames test in the presence of the rat liver microsomal enzymes. In order to evaluate the effect of aza-substitution on in vivo genotoxicity, BaP and 10-azaBaP were assayed for their in vivo mutagenicity using the lacZ-transgenic mouse (MutaMouse). BaP was potently mutagenic in all of the organs examined (liver, lung, kidney, spleen, forestomach, stomach, colon, and bone marrow), as described in our previous report, whereas, 10-azaBaP was slightly mutagenic only in the liver and colon. The in vitro mutagenicities of BaP and 10-azaBaP were evaluated by the Ames test using liver homogenates prepared from several sources, i.e. CYP1A-inducer-treated rats, CYP1A-inducer-treated and non-treated mice, and humans. BaP showed greater mutagenicities than 10-azaBaP in the presence of a liver homogenate prepared from CYP1A-inducer-treated rodents. However, 10-azaBaP showed mutagenicities similar to or more potent than BaP in the presence of a liver homogenate or S9 from non-treated mice and humans. These results indicate that 10-aza-substitution markedly modifies the nature of mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene in both in vivo and in vitro mutagenesis assays.

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by methyl yellow and related congeners: structure-activity relationships in halogenated derivatives.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the biological action of many environmental compounds. Methyl yellow (4-dimethylaminoazobenzene; MY) is a principal azo-dye, and structurally related compounds were subjected to analysis of structure-activity relationships as AhR ligands by using a yeast AhR signaling assay. The effects of halogen-substitution among 23 halogenated MYs on the AhR ligand activity can be summarized as follows: enhancement by halogen-substitution at the ortho-position (2'- and 6'-position), and reduction by substitution at the para-position (4'-position). The greatest enhancement of the ligand activity was observed in 2',6'-dichlorinated MY (13.5-fold of MY), and its AhR ligand activity was very close to that of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the present assay system. In the study of compounds structurally related to MY, benzanilide (BA) showed almost the same AhR ligand activity as azobenzene and trans-stilbene. Furthermore, 4'-chlorobenzanilide, in which the length of the molecule is similar to that of MY, enhanced the AhR ligand activity by ortho(2')-chlorine-substitution, and the AhR ligand activity of 2',4'-dichlorobenzanilide was similar to that of 2'-chloro-MY. These results suggest that the amide bond is equivalent to the -N=N- or -CH=CH- double bond for recognition as the ligand by AhR in 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ene derivatives.

Study of in vitro glucuronidation of hydroxyquinolines with bovine liver microsomes.

Glucuronidation of drugs by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) is a major phase II conjugation reaction. Defects in UGT are associated with Crigler-Najjar syndrome and Gilbert's syndrome with severe hyperbilirubinaemias and jaundice. We analysed the reactivities of some hydroxyquinoline derivatives, which are naturally produced from quinoline by cytochrome P450. The analyses were carried out using a microassay system for UGT activity in bovine liver microsomes in the range 0.5-100 pmol/assay with the highly sensitive radio-image analyser Fuji BAS2500 (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan). 3-Hydroxylquinoline is a good substrate for glucuronidation, and the relative Kcat values were 3.1-fold higher than the values for p-nitrophenol. 5,6-Dihydroquinoline-5,6-trans-diol gave a similar Km value to that of 3-hydroxyquinoline, but the Vmax value was approximately 1/15 of that of p-nitrophenol and showed weak reactivity. Quinoline N-oxide gave a low Vmax value and showed marginal activity. The Kcat values of 6-hydroxyquinoline and 5-hydroxyquinoline were 2.1- and 1.2-fold higher than that of p-nitrophenol, respectively. Fluoroquinoline (FQ) derivatives, such as 3FQ, 7.8diFQ and 6,7,8triFQ, did not show any substrate activities. These results suggest that there are therapeutic problems in administration of some quinoline drugs to patients with jaundice.